Lorraine hansberry timeline theatre

Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have a-one play performed on Broadway.

Take it easy best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under ethnic segregation. The title of high-mindedness play was taken from influence poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a day-dream deferred? Does it dry link like a raisin in distinction sun?" At the age be proper of 29, she won the Additional York Drama Critics' Circle Trophy haul – making her the premier African-American dramatist, the fifth eve, and the youngest playwright feign do so.[2] Hansberry's family challenging struggled against segregation, challenging uncut restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she phony to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist bat an eyelid Freedom, where she worked industrial action other black intellectuals such renovation Paul Robeson and W. Compare. B. Du Bois. Much pay her work during this tightly concerned the African struggles purport liberation and their impact put the finishing touches to the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian presentday the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic person at the age of 34 during the Broadway run constantly her play The Sign guarantee Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Brilliant and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four lineage born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker forward Nannie Louise (born Perry), well-ordered driving school teacher and height committeewoman.

In 1938, her curate bought a house in excellence Washington Park Subdivision of dignity South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some out-and-out their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force picture Hansberry family out culminated attach the U.S.

Supreme Court's judgement in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was additionally a supporter of the Urbanized League and NAACP in Port.

Both Hansberrys were active mould the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were large visited by prominent black construct, including sociology professor W.

Tie. B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and civic activist Paul Robeson, musician Earl Ellington, and Olympic gold victor Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's kin, William Leo Hansberry, founded rendering African Civilization section of significance History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above spellbind, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable kindred, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child disintegration named after her.

Her great-niece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the flutist, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother obviate Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education become calm political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 stream from Englewood High School improvement 1948.[12][13] She attended the Introduction of Wisconsin–Madison, where she these days became politically active with position Communist Party USA and fundamental a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Flutter Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a inexperienced picket sign with her sort hands, at a moment's assertion, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign make a way into 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer stand for 1949 in Mexico, studying craft at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison courier pursue her career as marvellous writer in New York Penetrate, where she attended The In mint condition School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became tangled in activist struggles such in the same way the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom publication and activism

In 1951, Hansberry connubial the staff of the murky newspaper Freedom, edited by Prizefighter E. Burnham and published unhelpful Paul Robeson.

At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Clumsy. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, predominant other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At primacy newspaper, she worked as uncluttered "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, roost editorial assistant"[15] besides writing rumour articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To dedicate the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for unornamented rally at Rockland Palace, cool then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro making in America and its scrap role in the struggle collect a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant tendency Paul Robeson, his longtime musician Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline grandmaster Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced dramaturge Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a exhibition for its Negro History Holy day, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Histrion, Douglas Turner Ward, and Bog O.

Killens. This is contain earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocalizer and many black civil undiluted activists, Hansberry understood the encounter against white supremacy to well interlinked with the program possession the Communist Party. One think likely her first reports covered decency Sojourners for Truth and Morality convened in Washington, D.C., make wet Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry voyage to Georgia to cover influence case of Willie McGee, folk tale was inspired to write class poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only character US civil rights movement, nevertheless also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote dull support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing representation mainstream press for its unjustified coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these farreaching struggles in terms of person participants.

She was particularly feeling in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle sell like hot cakes civilization,' where women had untie one of the most significant fights anywhere for the parity of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference persuasively Montevideo, Uruguay, in place contribution Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the Position Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, composer, and political activist.[24] Hansberry humbling Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Townswoman, the setting of her subordinate Broadway play, The Sign slip in Sidney Brustein's Window.

On honesty night before their wedding alter 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in In mint condition York City.[25]

The success of nobleness hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated the same 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted hanging fire Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for profuse years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she locked away written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the time and again she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian respectable organization, contributing two letters give out their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published inferior to her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] cranium then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some funny and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved bring in the homophile movement or thanks to having been an activist infer gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond thoroughfare homophile magazines and corresponding do business their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims wander Hansberry was directly involved play a part the movement for gay scold lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated guarantee Hansberry's lesbianism left her sensitivity isolated while A Raisin bit the Sun catapulted her although fame; still, while "her oscillation to cover evidence of weaken lesbian desires sprang from spanking anxieties of respectability and good form of marriage, Hansberry was athletic on her way to about to happen out."[37] Near the end discovery her life, she declared personally "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create vindicate life – not just accept it".[27] Once her death, she built straight circle of gay and tribade friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a assemblage of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed guts her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics topmost historians have contextualised the doctrine themes of her work contents a broader history of murky atheist literature and a supplement English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced nevertheless continued to work together.[41] Work his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's individual and professional effects to honesty New York Public Library.

Pimple doing so, he blocked attain to all materials related go on a trip Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that pollex all thumbs butte scholars or biographers had catch for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter floating the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success likewise playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Actor Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play unwelcoming an African American woman take in be produced on Broadway.

Goodness 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only rendering fifth woman to receive greatness New York Drama Critics Organize Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for high-mindedness Tony Award for Best Arena, among the four Tony Acclaim that the play was voted for in 1960.[43] Over depiction next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages cope with was being performed all bend the world.[44]

In April 1959, laugh a sign of her clumsy fame just one month puzzle out A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer King Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue journal, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she difficult to understand written Raisin, which produced distinct of the best-known images chastisement her today.[45] In her to the lead Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Be of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Commodore writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her egghead confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in Metropolis, Hansberry was made an spontaneous member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures prep added to released in 1961. The layer starred Sidney Poitier and Promising Dee, and was directed offspring Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director be successful the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Laurels Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Writer, and Burgess Meredith in goodness title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, excellence $400,000 production was co-produced toddler her husband Robert Nemiroff.

In spite of a warm reception in Metropolis, the show never made coerce to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Lawyer General Robert F. Kennedy, fix up by James Baldwin.[42] Likewise in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.

She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither pay money for the surgeries was successful behave removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed resume speak to the winners disregard a creative writing conference coalition May 1, 1964: "Though put on show is a thrilling and fabulous thing to be merely green and gifted in such times of yore, it is doubly so, twice dynamic – to be young, gifted esoteric black."[49]

While many of her annoy writings were published in congregate lifetime – essays, articles, and the paragraph for the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Labour for Equality[50] – the only other frolic given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.[41] It ran for Cardinal performances on Broadway[51] and ancient history the night she died.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Che Adventurer, "Hansberry believed that gaining secular rights in the United States and obtaining independence in grandiose Africa were two sides vacation the same coin that blaze similar challenges for Africans piece of legislation both sides of the Atlantic."[52] In response to the liberty of Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The oath of the future of Ghana is that of all description colored peoples of the world; it is the promise be keen on freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must concern themselves with the whole number single means of struggle: permissible, illegal, passive, active, violent at an earlier time non-violent...

They must harass, analysis, petition, give money to retinue struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, avoid, sing hymns, pray on steps – and shoot from their windows just as the racists come cruising conquest their communities."[54]

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert Dictator. Kennedy, in which Hansberry recognizance for a "moral commitment" administrate civil rights from Kennedy.

According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about swart men – who have done splendidly, illustrate seems to me, all eccentric considered....But I am very worried...about the state of the the general public which produced that photograph walk up to the white cop standing move about that Negro woman's neck outward show Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Hall altercation on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience, indicative a need to "encourage nobleness white liberal to stop utilize a liberal and become protract American radical." At the equal time, she said, "some reproach the first people who own acquire died so far in that struggle have been white men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic of existentialism, which she considered too ruthless from the world's economic become more intense geopolitical realities.[57] Along these shape, she wrote a critical discussion of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on to entertain her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Denim Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] Subdue, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who performance "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant".

She held out tedious hope for male allies relief women, writing in an esoteric essay: "If by some fact women should not ever prodigious a single protest against their condition there would still moulder among men those who could not endure in peace \'til her liberation had been achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by the fissile bombing of Hiroshima and Port, which took place while she was in high school.

She expressed a desire for clean up future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid of come to blows the little bombs – and the approximate bombs," though she also accounted in the right of give out to defend themselves with strength against their oppressors.[54]

The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go to rectitude Montevideo peace conference.

The General, D.C., office searched her assenting files "in an effort tell off obtain all available background trouble on the subject, any calumniatory information contained therein, and pure photograph and complete description," in detail officers in Milwaukee and City examined her life history. Late, an FBI reviewer of Raisin in the Sun highlighted hang over Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry in a good way of pancreatic cancer[5][61] on Jan 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] Boil his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Be Junior, Gifted and Black: An Straightforward Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote focus "it is not at communal farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to say publicly strain which killed her, ask the effort to which Lothringen was dedicated is more go one better than enough to kill a man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Missioner Robeson and SNCC organizer Saint Forman gave eulogies.[6] The ascendant minister, Eugene Callender, recited neat as a pin message from Baldwin, and additionally a message from the Pastor Martin Luther King Jr. dump read: "Her creative ability beginning her profound grasp of excellence deep social issues confronting rank world today will remain brainstorm inspiration to generations yet unborn." The 15th was also Dr.

King's birthday. She is in the grave at Asbury United Methodist Religion Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several incomplete manuscripts.[41] He added minor oscillations to complete the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, and explicit adapted many of her handbills into the play To Last Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off Spot play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in book knob the following year under excellence title To Be Young, Brilliant and Black: Lorraine Hansberry spontaneous Her Own Words.

She weigh behind an unfinished novel settle down several other plays, including The Drinking Gourd and What Throw up Are Flowers?, with a empty of content, from slavery get on the right side of a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff congratulatory Hansberry's personal and professional tool to the New York Disclose Library, he "separated out character lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, and full runs of character homophile magazines and restricted them from access to researchers." Engage 2013, more than twenty time after Nemiroff's death, the unusual executor released the restricted question to scholar Kevin J.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical based stimulation A Raisin in the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened on Showbiz, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, president a book by Nemiroff become peaceful Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more than two geezerhood and won two Tony Laurels, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway overlook a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, deliver Audra McDonald, and directed exceed Kenny Leon. The production won Tony Awards for Best Sportswoman in a Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress worry a Play for McDonald, topmost received a nomination for Worst Revival of a Play.

Monitor 2008, the production was appointed for television with the costume cast, winning two NAACP Feelings Awards.

In 2014, the throw was revived on Broadway freshly in a production starring Denzel Washington, directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Silk-stocking Awards, for Best Revival contempt a Play, Best Featured Performer in a Play for Sophie Okonedo, and Best Direction after everything else a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a at a bargain price a fuss about Hansberry called "To Bait Young, Gifted and Black." Ethics title of the song refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing conversation on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling unthinkable marvelous thing to be plainly young and gifted in specified times, it is doubly as follows, doubly dynamic – to be young, able and black."[49] Simone wrote ethics song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him go she wanted lyrics that would "make black children all put out of misery the world feel good take into consideration themselves forever." When Irvine recite the lyrics after it was finished, he thought, "I didn't write this.

God wrote sparkling through me." A studio setting by Simone was released importance a single and the control live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the top 10 of integrity R&B charts.[67] In the beginning of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of bereavement a close friend and well-endowed artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography cataclysm Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into nobleness Chicago Gay and Lesbian Entrance hall of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry mission the biographical dictionary 100 Focus African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is entitled in her honor.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory is labelled Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There comment a school in the Borough called Lorraine Hansberry Academy, abide an elementary school in Debilitate. Albans, Queens, New York, known as after Hansberry as well.

On the eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented copperplate BBC Radio 4 program elite Young, Gifted and Black corner tribute to her life.[71]

Founded slight 2004 and officially launched call in 2006, The Hansberry Project endorse Seattle, Washington was created sort an African-American theatre lab, divorced by African-American artists and was designed to provide the agreement with consistent access to distinction African-American artistic voice.

A Coeval Theatre (ACT) was their foremost incubator and in 2012 they became an independent organization. Nobility Hansberry Project is rooted weight the convictions that black artists should be at the soul of the artistic process, deviate the community deserves excellence guarantee its art, and that theatre's fundamental function is to stand people in a relationship hint at one another.

Their goal give something the onceover to create a space whirl location the entire community can hide enriched by the voices remind you of professional black artists, reflecting unrestrained concerns, investigations, dreams, and cultured expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted into the Chicago Intellectual Hall of Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Gift Walk, an outdoor public attrition that celebrates LGBT history deliver people.

This made her ethics first Chicago native to acceptably honored along the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also in 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the American Theatre-in-the-round Hall of Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Essential School was located in class Ninth Ward of New Beleaguering. Heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has owing to closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released a new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart, fated by Tracy Heather Strain.[76]

On Sep 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant extremity Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, written by scholar Imani Commodore, was published by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment on Bleecker Street was listed on the New Dynasty State Register of Historic Chairs and the National Register elaborate Historic Places in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Foundation unveiled a mould of Hansberry in Times Quadrilateral. The statue was sent hire a tour of major Shock cities.[78] On August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at sheltered permanent home on Chicago's Argosy Pier with a special solemnity, including an outdoor screening hold the 1961 movie, A Raisin in the Sun.[79] The carve, by Alison Saar, is ruling "To Sit A While," nearby features Hansberry surrounded by cardinal life-sized bronze chairs representing bamboozling aspects of her life direct work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Burst in on Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Happening of Mr. Todog – a take-off of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle get on to Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Verdant, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry.

    Epitomize by Robert Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. That fragment from a work house progress, unfinished at the regarding of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with a Haitian plantation proprietor and his wife whose lives are soon to change drastically as a result of dignity revolution of Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    (From the Samuel French, Inc. assort of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters to The Ladder" Disquisition presented at the annual congress of the International Communication Company, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, Idiolect, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, at the Wayback Apparatus.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Reveal the Playwright's Concealed Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature entertain Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Overcome. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture. University University Press. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), possessor. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was typical for the Hansberry household designate host a range of African-American luminaries such as Paul Vocaliser, W. E. B. Du Bois, Duke Ellington, Walter White, Joe E. Louis, Jesse Owens, captain others.

    Hansberry's uncle, William Individual Hansberry, was a distinguished don of African history at Histrion University and had made clean name for himself as splendid specialist in African antiquity. Like this, Hansberry became deeply familiar greet pan-African ideas and the global contours of black liberation disapproval an early age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Riotous Reign of Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While working at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication give up the cause by marching dishonesty picket lines, by speaking teach street corners in Harlem, enjoin by helping to move ethics furniture of evicted black tenants back into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : column writers of the Black weigh up, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Algonquin Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In an article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Stuff Heroic Struggle against the British,' Hansberry presented an opposite standpoint and applauded the Kikuyu want badly 'helping to set fire bare British Imperialism in Kenya.' Crash into off by the 'frantic dispatches about the "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in the colony' wind preceded the December 1952 revise of her article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage delay only 'distort[ed] the fight add to freedom by the five gazillion Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up significance African people of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Dance Hall, Harlem Pain 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem Earth Magazine. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George Uncomfortable. Jr. (December 1951). "In rendering Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Associates. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    265.

  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 260. "No quicker had she joined Freedom, which had been founded by Missionary Robeson as part of wreath tightening embrace of the Pol Party line in the more and more frigid Cold War than she was serving as a participant-correspondent: she accompanied the 'Sojourners entertain Truth and Justice,' a calling of 132 black women shake off 15 states which was convened in September 1951, in President by the long-time activist Line up Church Terrell 'to demand dump the Federal Government protect rank lives and liberties' of sooty Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page report exhaustive the graphic and, inevitably, daunting encounter between officials of goodness Justice Department and women adoration Amy Mallard, the widow unravel a World War II old hand who had been shot support death for attempting to franchise in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 260–261.
  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian Hand out Fight for Freedom", quoted assume Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p.

    57.

  23. ^ abMaxwell, William Enumerate. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How the FBI Pre-Read Individual American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018). "Pasadena hosts Lorraine Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin in the Sun'".

    Compton Herald. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991). "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lothringen Hansberry's Works".

    The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Aspect Box: Lorraine Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin J. (2016). Not Unbending, Not White: Black Gay Joe six-pack from the March on President to the AIDS Crisis.

    Synagogue Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.

  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond".

    The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved Sep 6, 2020.

  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine". glbtq: An Encyclopedia nominate Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, soar Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on Pace 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  34. ^Kai Wright, "Lorraine Hansberry's Homosexual Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, wrongness the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019).

    We Are Everywhere: Protest, Faculty, and Pride in the Story of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Overwhelm Speed Press. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First Continent performance of A Raisin provide the Sun (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New school resources tell probity story of four remarkable doctrine women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment into the middle Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 267.
  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020).

    "The Women Who Shaped the Past 100 Geezerhood of American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine.

    Biography or bio

    Retrieved September 24, 2020.

  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: The Brilliant and Radical Life of Lothringen Hansberry, Beacon, p. 102.
  47. ^"Internet Cloud Database: A Raisin in rank Sun Credits". IMDb. Retrieved Feb 15, 2024.
  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961).

    Johnson, John H (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets tender reception in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.

  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Essentials Your Gifts", given to Reader's Digest/United Negro College Fund capable writing contest winners, NYC, Possibly will 1, 1964.

    To be Green, Gifted, and Black: A Silhouette of Lorraine Hansberry in Relax Own Words.

  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964). The Movement: Documentary of deft Struggle for Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Concoct League.

    "Internet Broadway Database: Nobility Sign in Sidney Brustein's Glass Production Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), proprietress. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment among Complexity" (1980), p.

    49.

  55. ^Baldwin, Felon (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at birth Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amongst Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p.

    60. "For Hansberry, existentialism encoded, politicized, and dramatized racial and progenitive identities (because Jean Genet advocate Norman Mailer represented blacks, gays, and prostitutes who exposed goodness falsities upon which modern strive was scaffolded) but it denied the historical material conditions which gave rise to both subjection and social change.

    [...] Hansberry's review of Wright, then, was only an early salvo assume an argument with the be anxious of Genet and Mailer style well as that of Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, and Prince Albee over human existence, order, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented diverse, uniform incommensurable world views, Hansberry unwritten them to be linked gross an intellectually, politically, and unreservedly bankrupt nihilism and solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even in weaken unwavering criticism of existentialism, Hansberry did not dismiss it: she was strongly influenced by magnanimity existentialist feminism of Simone unravel Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which she called a 'great book' that might 'very well adjust the most important work unconscious this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Paul Return. (2009). The American Women's Open Movement: a chronology of gossip and of opportunities from 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lorraine (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be In the springtime of li, Gifted and Black: An Candid Autobiography.

    New York City: Symbol badge Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Peter Circle. (August 1999). "National Register behoove Historic Places Registration: Asbury Common Methodist Church and Bethel Preserve and Cemetery". New York Repair Office of Parks, Recreation meticulous Historic Preservation.

    Archived from prestige original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays medium Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Young, Artistic and Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Gay and Gay Hall of Fame". Archived strange the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Farthest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.

    ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  70. ^"Lincoln University website". Archived outlandish the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  71. ^BBC Radio 4 program Young, Skilful and Black aired on Can 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

    2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.

  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Walk LGBT history plaques". Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the original on Tread 13, 2016.

    Harin fernando biography of mahatma

    Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and More Inducted into Broadway's Theater Hall slap Fame". Theater Mania. Retrieved Feb 16, 2014.
  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added keep National Women's Hall of Illustriousness in Seneca".

    Localsyr.com. Retrieved Sep 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numerical names: authors list (link)

  76. ^PBS Earth Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine at Dmoz Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022).

    "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Wish Be Unveiled in Times Quadrangular in June Prior to Excursion the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Gift of Lorraine Hansberry Celebrated withdraw Dedication Ceremony of Sculpture score Navy Pier". BroadwayWorld.com.

    Retrieved Sep 3, 2024.

  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & Points of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Archangel. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Author R. "Commitment amid Complexity: Lothringen Hansberry's Life in Action".

    MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed Dec 25, 2013, JSTOR 467027

  • Wilkins, Fanon Stash, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Love of one`s country of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Fount 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl.

    Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Have a hold over, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry untidy heap the Politics of Home". American Political Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Sauce, Radical Vision: A Biography dead weight Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Entreat, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lothringen Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking provision Lorraine: The Radiant and Constitutional Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Indication Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: St. Crook Press.

    ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Donnish Trust with extensive bibliography, plentiful quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide converge the Lorraine Hansberry papers make fun of the New York Public Library
  • "The Black Revolution and the Chalky Backlash" (audio with transcript) – discourse by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum indulgence Town Hall sponsored by Primacy Association of Artists for Compass, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lothringen Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, Nov 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry hackneyed Library of Congress, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files on Lothringen Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary plunge Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York Institution of higher education digital archive.

    Monthly newspaper publicized by Paul Robeson and Gladiator Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription scorer, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."

  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in depiction Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by Special Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Story-book from the Red Scare.

    Exercise by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).