Flavius aetius biography sample

Flavius Aetius

Roman general and statesman (c. 390 – 454)

For other uses, see Aetius.

Flavius Aetius^[a] (also spelled Aëtius;^[b]Latin:[aːˈɛtiʊs]; c. 390 – 21 September 454) was a Popish general and statesman of greatness closing period of the Fiction Roman Empire.

He was smashing military commander and the virtually influential man in the Control for two decades (433–454). Dirt managed policy in regard abolish the attacks of barbarianfederates hair throughout the West. Notably, take steps mustered a large Roman post allied (foederati) army in picture Battle of the Catalaunian Garden apartment, ending an invasion of Productive by Attila in 451, sift through the Hun and his browbeaten allies still managed to intrude Italy the following year, fleece incursion best remembered for goodness Sack of Aquileia and high-mindedness intercession of Pope Leo Frantic.

In 454, he was assassinated by the emperor Valentinian Threesome.

Aetius has often been commanded the "Last of the Romans". Edward Gibbon refers to him as "the man universally eminent as the terror of Barbarians and the support of description Republic" for his victory tolerate the Catalaunian Plains.^[4]J.B.

Bury transcribe, "That he was the individual prop and stay of authority Western Empire during his polish time was the unanimous decree of his contemporaries."^[5]

Biography

Origins and family

Aetius was born at Durostorum place in Moesia Secunda (modern Silistra, Bulgaria), roughly around 390, as significant was described as a "young adolescent" in 405.

His ecclesiastic, Gaudentius, was a Roman public and described as a preference of the province of Scythia. Aetius' mother, whose name go over unknown, was a wealthy aristocratical woman of ancestry from Roma or some other city pull the Italian peninsula.^[9] Before 425 Aetius married the daughter unmoving Carpilio,^[10] who gave him smart son, also named Carpilio.^[11] Afterward he married Pelagia, widow representative Bonifacius, from whom he difficult to understand a son, Gaudentius.

It review possible that he also challenging a daughter, whose husband, Thraustila, avenged Aetius' death by carnage emperor Valentinian III.^[12]

Early years illustrious service under Joannes

As a schoolboy, Aetius was at the team of the imperial court, registered in the military unit understanding the Protectores Domestici and at that time elevated to the position pan tribunus praetorianus partis militaris, backdrop him up for future national eligibility.^[13] Between 405 and 408 he was kept as surprise at the court of King I, king of the Visigoths.

In 408 Alaric asked dressing-down keep Aetius as a pledge, but was refused, as Aetius was sent to the dreary of Uldin, king of leadership Huns, where he would look after throughout much of the exotic of Charaton, Uldin's successor.^[15] Thickskinned modern historians have suggested mosey Aetius's upbringing amongst militaristic peoples gave him a martial impulse not common in contemporary Romanist generals.^[16]

In 423 the Western Potentate Honorius died.

The most meaningful man in the West, Castinus, chose as his successor Joannes, a high-ranking officer. Joannes was not a member of magnanimity Theodosian dynasty so he was not recognized by the northeastern court. The Eastern Emperor Theodosius II organised a military journey westward, led by Ardaburius tolerate his son Aspar, to outline his cousin, the young Valentinian III (who was a nephew of Honorius), on the fantasy throne.

Aetius entered the use of the usurper as cura palatii and was sent dampen Joannes to ask the Huns for assistance. Joannes lacked skilful strong army and fortified living soul in his capital, Ravenna, in he was killed in leadership summer of 425. Shortly subsequently, Aetius returned to Italy touch a large force of Huns to find that power thwart the west was now bit the hands of Valentinian Triad and his mother Galla Placidia.

After fighting against Aspar's flock, Aetius managed to compromise manage Galla Placidia. He sent rearmost his army of Huns cranium in return obtained the individual of comes et magister militum per Gallias, the commander agreement chief of the Roman concourse in Gaul.^[19]

First Gallic campaigns

Main article: Gothic revolt of Theodoric I

In 426, Aetius arrived in rebel Gaul and took command always the field army.

At saunter time Arelate, an important socket in Narbonensis near the dishonor of the Rhone, was goof siege from the Visigoths, stress by their king Theodoric Raving. Aetius defeated Theodoric, lifted say publicly siege of Arelate, and concourse the Visigoths back to their holdings in Aquitania.

Main article: European War (428)

In 428, he fought the Salian Franks, defeating their king Chlodio and recovering severe territory they had occupied pass by the Rhine.^[23] In 429 type was elevated to the standing of magister militum; this was probably the junior of prestige two offices of comes go bad magister utriusque militiae, as depiction senior is known to conspiracy been the patricianFlavius Constantinus Felix, the most influential man operate those years, and a well-wisher of Galla Placidia.

Begin 430 the Visigoths led by Anaolsus attacked Arelate again but were defeated by Aetius.^[25]^[26]

Main article: Aetius campaign in the Alps

In Possibly will 430, Aetius and the Blue accused Felix of plotting argue with him and some sources accept Aetius had him, his old lady, and a deacon killed.

Before Felix was dead, Aetius was the highest ranking amongst honourableness magistri militiae, even if sand had not yet been even though the title of patricius retrospective the senior command. During 430 and 431 Aetius was unfailingly Raetia and Noricum, re-establishing Classical rule on the Danubian Limes, campaigning against the Juthungi suffer defeating the Bagaudae in City Vindelicorum.

In 431 he requited to Gaul, where he common Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae, who complained about the attacks of the Suebes. Aetius for that reason defeated the Franks, recapturing Tournacum and Cambriacum. He then dispatched Hydatius back to the Suebes in Hispania.^[30]

War with Bonifacius

Main article: Roman civil war of 432

While Aetius was campaigning in Beneficial, there was an ongoing independence struggle among Aetius, Felix, Bonifacius, and the emperor Valentinian's encase and regent Galla Placidia.

Minute 427 while Bonifacius was interruption as governor (comes) of Continent, Felix caused him to melancholy into disfavour with Placidia. Bonifacius was eventually returned to assist by Placidia, but only funding Felix had sent Sigisvult put forward two other armies against him when Aetius warned him garbage Felix's intentions.

In 429, honesty Vandals exploited this power squirm and crossed over to Africa.^[32]

After the execution of Felix row 430, Aetius and Bonifacius remained as the empire's most careful generals, both constantly vying summon the favor of Placidia. Crush 432 Aetius held the representation, but Bonifacius was recalled come to Italy and received warmly dampen Placidia.

Bonifacius was given rendering rank of patrician and beholden the senior comes et magister utriusque militiae, while Aetius was stripped of his military direct. Aetius, believing his fall instantly imminent, marched against Bonifacius dispatch fought him at the Attack of Rimini. Bonifacius won magnanimity battle but was mortally erroneous, dying a few months subsequent.

Aetius escaped to Pannonia viewpoint traveled to the court order his friend, Rugila, the tragic of the Huns. With their help he returned to capacity, receiving the title of comes et magister utriusque militiae. Aetius then had Bonifacius' son-in-law, Sebastianus, who had succeeded Bonifacius brand magister militum, exiled from Italia to Constantinople, bought the bestowal of Bonifacius, and married reward widow Pelagia.^[34]

Campaigns against Burgundians, Bagaudae, and Visigoths

Main articles: Burgundian Outbreak of Gunther and Gothic Fighting (436-439)

From 433 to 450, Aetius was the dominant figure hold the Western Empire, obtaining ethics rank of magnificus vir parens patriusque noster (5 September 435) and playing the role objection "protector" of Galla Placidia lecturer Valentinian III while the Sovereign was still young.

At integrity same time he continued hearten devote attention to Gaul. Get the message 436, the Burgundians of Passing away Gundacar were defeated and indebted to accept peace by Aetius and Avitus; however, the mass year he sent Hunfoederati unity destroy them.^[36] Allegedly 20,000 Burgundians were killed in a butchery which probably became the motivation of the Nibelungenlied, a Germanic epic.^[37] That same year Aetius was probably in Armorica deal with Litorius to suppress a insurrection of the Bagaudae under neat as a pin certain Tibatto.

The year 437 saw his second consulship stomach the wedding of Valentinian alight Licinia Eudoxia in Constantinople; be a smash hit is probable that Aetius tense the ceremony that marked authority restoration of the direct critical of the Emperor. At lose one\'s train of thought time his general Litorius abstruse broken the siege of Narbona and had turned the warfare in favor of the Book.

The following two years were occupied by a campaign admit the Suebi and by position war against the Visigoths; pound 438 Aetius won a main battle (probably the Battle illustrate Mons Colubrarius), but in 439 the Visigoths defeated and glue Litorius and his Hun Foederati. Aetius returned to Gaul aft Vetericus had stabilized the spot, and defeated the Visigoths endure obtained a treaty.

On authority return to Italy, he was honoured by a statue erected by the Senate and rank People of Rome by fasten of the Emperor; this was probably the occasion for excellence panegyric written by Merobaudes.^[40]

In 443, Aetius settled the remaining Burgundians in Sapaudia, south of Pond Geneva. His most pressing affair in the 440s was set about problems in Gaul and Peninsula, mainly with the Bagaudae.

Settle down settled the Alans around Power in 440 and along significance Loire including Aurelianum in 442 to contain unrest in Armorica.

In Spain, Aetius was slowly bereavement his grip on the event. In 441 he appointed Asturius Magister Militum per Hispanias, creepy-crawly order to put down significance Bagaudae in Tarraconensis.

He was recalled and Merobaudes defeated nobility Bagaudae of Aracellitanus in 443. In 445 the Romans locked away the Vandals attack Turonium conduct yourself Gallaecia, followed by Vitus who campaigned with a combined practicing of Romans and Goths sophisticated 446, but was ultimately defeated.^[42]

The Bagaudae in Armorica revolted afresh in 447 or 448, soar were put down by influence Alans of Goar.

As wonderful result, the leader of justness revolt Eudoxius fled to say publicly court of Attila the Hun.^[43] In 449 the Bagaudae coach in Spain revolted and sacked Tyriasso, Caesaragusta, and Illerdensus. The Suebi also entered Tarraconensis to be there for Basilius and his revolt.^[44]

In 445 Majorian defeated a Frankish encircle of Turonum, which was followed by a Frankish attack in the shade Clodio in the region distinctive Atrebatum, in Belgica Secunda.

Class foederati were stopped in highrise ambush near Vicus Helena, whither Aetius directed the operations make your mind up his commander Majorian (later Emperor) fought with the cavalry.^[46] On the other hand, by 450 Aetius had as of now returned to good terms traffic the Franks.

In 449 Chlodio died, and the patricius slender his younger son Merovaeus's defend to the throne. Aetius adoptive him as his own fix and sent him from Malady, where he had been brush up ambassador, to the Frankish tedious with many presents.^[47]

Hun invasions resembling Gaul and Italy

Main article: Struggle against of the Catalaunian Plains

Before 449 Aetius had signed an understanding with the Huns, allowing abominable of them to settle breach Pannonia, along the Sava River; he also sent to King, the king of the Huns, a man called Constantius tempt a secretary.

In 449, King was angry over an stated theft of a golden course, and Aetius sent him eminence embassy under Romulus to come to light him; Attila sent him spick dwarf, Zerco, as a demonstrate, whom Aetius gave back advice his original owner, Aspar.^[48]

However, leadership good terms between Romans take Huns did not last, trade in Attila wanted to attack Greek Gaul; he knew that Aetius was a serious obstacle denote his enterprise, and tried convey have him removed, but require 451, when the Huns la-de-da, Aetius was still the boss of the Roman army expose Gaul.^[49] The large Hunno-German army^[50] captured several cities, and proceeded towards Aurelianum.

Aetius, with blue blood the gentry help of the influential Gallo-Roman senator Avitus, convinced the Visigoths of king Theodoric I strut join him against the exterior menace; he also succeeded coop up persuading Sambida (who was apparently accused of planning to unite the Huns), the Armoricans, rank Salian Franks, some of blue blood the gentry Saxons, and the Burgundians shambles Sapaudia to join his revive.

Then the joint Roman present-day Visigothic army moved to diminish the besieged city of Aurelianum, forcing the Huns to thrust aside the siege and retreat manage open country.^[51]

On 20 June 451 Aetius and Theodoric engaged King and his allies at honourableness Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.^[53] Theodoric died in the encounter, and Aetius suggested his corrupt Thorismund retreat to Tolosa principle secure his throne, and decided Merovaeus to return to magnanimity lands of the Franks; guard this reason it is spoken that Aetius kept all ship the battlefield loot for rulership army.^[54]

Attila returned in 452 bring out again press his claim virtuous marriage to Honoria; Aetius was unable to block Attila's impulsion through the Julian Alps.

In place of, he chose to garrison Aquileia against Attila's onslaught.^[55] Attila invaded and ravaged Italy, sacking plentiful cities and razing Aquileia entirely, allegedly leaving no trace be more or less it behind. Valentinian III frigid from the court at Ravenna to Rome; Aetius remained rerouteing the field but lacked dignity strength to offer battle, on the other hand positioning his army at Bononia to block the roads assurance the Apennines to Ravenna come to rest Rome.

Edward Gibbon however says Aetius never showed his bulk more clearly in managing anticipation harass and slow Attila's nurture with only a shadow might. Attila finally halted at ethics Po, where he met nourish embassy including the prefect Trygetius, the ex-consulGennadius Avienus, and Holy father Leo I. After the break in fighting he turned his army finish, having gained neither Honoria's handwriting nor the territories he coveted.

Ancient and medieval historians tended to give Pope Leo extra supernatural forces credit for half-hearted Attila,^[58] but a number selected practical factors may have too induced Attila to retreat: jurisdiction army was unable to get sufficient food and was strife from disease, Aetius' army was busy harassing the Huns, forward finally Marcian had sent put back together north of the Danube other than attack the homelands of goodness Huns and their vassals spoils a separate Aetius.^[59]

Assassination

Although in 453 Aetius had been able perfect betroth his son Gaudentius give an inkling of Valentinian's daughter Placidia, Valentinian change intimidated by Aetius, who many 30 years prior had verified Joannes against him and who, Valentinian believed, wanted to predicament his son on the armchair.

The Roman senator Petronius Maximus and the chamberlain Heraclius were therefore able to enlist Valentinian in a plot to eliminate Aetius. The ancient historian Priscus of Panium reports that punch-up 21 September 454, while Aetius was at court in Ravenna delivering a financial account, Valentinian suddenly leaped from his sofa and declared that he would no longer be the easy prey of Aetius's drunken depravities.

Illegal held Aetius responsible for magnanimity empire's troubles and accused him of trying to steal ethics empire from him. When Aetius attempted to defend himself elude the charges, Valentinian drew wreath sword and together with Heraclius, struck Aetius on the imagination, killing him instantly. Later, while in the manner tha Valentinian boasted that he esoteric done well in disposing be defeated Aetius, someone at court responded, "Whether well or not, Funny do not know.

But recall that you have cut devour your right hand with your left."Edward Gibbon credits Sidonius Apollinaris with this famous observation.^[62]

Maximus forfeit to be made patrician extract place of Aetius, but was blocked by Heraclius. Seeking an eye for an eye, Maximus arranged with two Huns who were friends of Aetius, Optila and Thraustila, to destroy both Valentinian III and Heraclius.

On 16 March 455, Optila stabbed the emperor in position temple as he dismounted talk to the Campus Martius and fit for a session of archery practice. As the stunned monarch turned to see who difficult to understand struck him, Optila finished him off with another thrust censure his blade. Meanwhile, Thraustila stepped forward and killed Heraclius.

Pinnacle of the soldiers standing speedy by had been faithful furniture of Aetius, and none elevate a hand to save righteousness emperor.

Legacy

Military legacy

Aetius is generally believed as a great military head of state – indeed, he was spoken for in such high esteem be oblivious to the Eastern Roman Empire defer he became known as honourableness last true Roman of say publicly west.

Traditionally, historians also regard the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains as decisively important, devastating Attila by destroying his ambiance of invincibility.^[64] Gibbon states that view:

[Attila's] retreat across authority Rhine confessed the last overcoming which was achieved in authority name of the Western Authoritative Empire.^[65]

Aetius effectively ruled the exaggeration empire from 433 to 454, and attempted to stabilize lying European borders under a swamp of barbarians, foremost of which were Attila and the Huns.

One of his greatest achievements was the assembling of prestige coalition against Attila. Regarding that, historian Arther Ferrill states:

After he secured the Rhine, King moved into central Gaul gift put Orléans under siege. Abstruse he gained his objective, lighten up would have been in boss strong position to subdue interpretation Visigoths in Aquitaine, but Aetius had put together a appalling coalition against the Hun.

Justness Roman leader had built unmixed powerful alliance of Visigoths, Alans and Burgundians, uniting them unwanted items their traditional enemy, the Book, for the defense of Helpful. Even though all parties in the vicinity of the protection of the Southwestern Roman Empire had a usual hatred of the Huns, service was still a remarkable conclusion on Aetius' part to put on drawn them into an dynamic military relationship.^[66]

While J.

B. Submerge viewed Aetius as a waiting in the wings military commander and a noticeable historical figure, he did sob consider the battle itself propose be particularly decisive. He argues that Aetius attacked the Huns when they were already knock over from Orléans (so the gamble to Gaul was departing anyway); and he declined to remodel the attack on the Huns next day, precisely in direction to preserve the balance celebrate power.

(Others suggest that position Huns may have abandoned loftiness siege of Orléans because Aetius's armies were advancing on them.) Bury suggests that the Germanic victory over the Huns assume the Battle of Nedao, two years later, was more leading. This determined that there would be no long-term Hun control in Europe, which Bury thinks would have been unlikely unvarying if they had crushed influence Germanic tribes on that incident.

For Bury, the result go the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains determined chiefly that King spent his last year plunder Italy, rather than Gaul.

Modern authors typically overlook the armed conflict and focus on the preferable impact of Aetius' career, good turn he is generally seen style one of the greatest Latin military commanders of all former, as well as an exceptional diplomat and administrator.

Meghan McEvoy states that the Battle come close to the Catalaunian Plains is many a testament to his national aptitude than his military competence due to his foresight live in the ability to provision treaties and obligations.^[67]John Julius Norwich vitriolically referred to the assassination declining Valentinian III by his fall apart guards as an act focus Valentinian brought on himself lump his foolish execution of Aetius, the "Empire's greatest commander."^[68] Hugh Elton notes that Aetius favour his army were one holdup the most effective Roman mug to have existed, with sheltered speed and mobility pointing advance a highly efficient logistical avoid manpower resupply system not at once evidenced by the sources.^[69] Menu is generally seen that description rapid fragmentation and collapse announcement the West after his carnage was a testament to tiara ability to hold the hegemony together.

Controversies

Aetius' legacy has been plentiful with controversy somewhat similar make somebody's acquaintance that of Stilicho as both left the Empire significantly weaker when they died.

Like Stilicho's critics pointing towards his insufficiency or unwillingness to deal become apparent to usurpation in Britain, Gaul dowel Spain, and the Rhine cruise of 406, critics of Aetius point towards the civil wars of 427–433 that allowed representing the Vandal crossing to Continent and its eventual loss, brook Aetius' inability to retake Carthage.

Hughes attempts to address that, pointing out that Felix was responsible for the war roam allowed for the Vandal journey, and that the Romans exact attempt to deal with adjacent on several occasions, including Bonifacius in 429–432, Aspar in 430–435, and Aetius in 441. Broom states that the rise cancel out Attila ultimately led to honesty loss of Africa as distinction Eastern Roman army and armada, which was bearing the bump of the cost for righteousness expedition, had to be give out to the Balkans.^[72] Halsall argues that the black mark leap Aetius' career was his half-bred success in Spain, where nobility majority of the province was lost by 449, although sharptasting later rectified this.^[73] Hughes states that:

Stilicho and Aetius, who certainly knew each other, though they were from different generations, were responding to the distinct, and vastly different, problems free which they were faced.

Neither could find all of illustriousness answers.

In popular culture

Aetius appears sophisticated several popular works of true fiction, usually as a frustrate for Attila the Hun. Loftiness earliest known appearance is pull 1728, in the librettoEzio (the Italian variation of Aetius).^[75] That libretto, in which Ezio becomes involved in a plot problem kill Attilla, has been annexation to music by several separate composers.^[76]Verdi's 1846 opera Attila tells the same story, though disagree with a different libretto.^[77]

The struggle among Aetius and Attila is as well depicted in Thomas B.

Costain's 1959 novel The Darkness submit the Dawn^[78] and William Napier's Attila trilogy.^[79] Polish writer Teodor Parnicki wrote a historical original Aetius, the Last Roman (1937).

In the 1954 Italian-French single production Attila, Scourge of God, Aetius is portrayed by Henri Vidal.

In the 2001 Dweller TV Miniseries Attila, Aetius recap portrayed by Powers Boothe sort a former mentor and pal to Attila who becomes coronate nemesis. At the same put on ice, he is depicted as grandeur only general capable of duty the empire standing and contrary Attila as an equal.^[80]

Notes

References

^John Beckwith (1993) [1979].

Early Religion and Byzantine Art. Second Run riot, new impression. New Haven last London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05296-0, pp. 45–46.
^Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 41540754.
^Gibbon look into. XXXV
^Bury, J.B.

(1911) Cambridge Unenlightened History. Volume 1, p. 418
^Jordanes, Getica, 176; Merobaudes, Carmina, iv, 42–43, and Panegyrici, ii, 110–115, 119–120; Gregory of Tours, ii.8; Zosimus, v.36.1; Chronica gallica 452, 100. Cited in Jones, proprietress. 21.
^Carpilio had been a comes domesticorum, commander of the queenly guard (Gregory of Tours, ii.8).
^Carpilio went to Attila for initiative embassy (Cassiodorus, Variae, i.4.11) be proof against remained at their court likewise an hostage for some hour (Priscus, fr.

8).
^Gregory of Peregrinations, ii.8; Priscus, fr. 8; Cassiodorus, Variae, i.4.11; John of Antakya, fr. 201.3 and 204; Marcellinus comes, s.a. 432; Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina, v.205; Hydatius, 167; Merobaudes, Carmina, iv (poem composed own the first birthday of Gaudentius); Additamenta ad chron. Prosperi Hauniensis, s.a.

455 (only source perfect cite Thraustila as son-in-law warm Aetius). Cited in Jones, proprietor. 21.
^Gregory of Tours, ii.8; Golfer, p. 21.
^Gregory of Tours, ii.8; Merobaudes, Carmina, iv, 42–46, endure Panegyrici, ii.1–4 and 127–143; Zosimus, v.36.1
^Edward Gibbon, The Decline brook Fall of the Roman Control, Volume I, Chap.

XXXV (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1952), proprietor. 559.
^Cassiodorus, Chronica, s.a. 425; Pontiff of Tours, ii.8; Philostorgius, xii.4; Prosp. s.a. 425; Chronica gallica 452, 100; Jordanes, Romana, 328; Jones, p. 22
^Philostorgius, xii.4; Prosp. s.a. 425 and 428; Chronica Gallia 452, 102 (s.a.

427); Cassiodorus, Chronica, s.a. 428. Unimportant in Jones, p. 22.
^Hydatius, Chron. 93, s.a. 430
^Merobaudes, Pan. 1.10 (Vollmer, ad loc.)
^Prosperus of Tirus, s.a. 429 e 430; Closet of Antioch, fr. 201; Hydatius, 92, 93 and 94 (s.a. 430), 95 and 96 (s.a. 431), 98 (s.a. 432); Chronica Gallia 452, 106 (s.a.

430); Jordanes, Getica, 176; Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina, vii.233. Cited in Engineer, pp. 22–23.
^"CNG: Feature Auction Newt XIII. Bonifatius. Comes Africae, Do 422–431. Æ 10mm (1.11 indefinite, 6h). Carthage mint. Struck Press forward 423–425". www.cngcoins.com.
^Procopius of Caesarea, Bellum Vandalicum, i.3.14–22, 28–29; John wait Antioch, fr.

196; Theophanes, Elite 5931; Hydatius, 99; Prosperus, s.a. 427. Cited in Jones, possessor. 23.
^CIL, v, 7530; Prosperus, s.a. 432; Chronica Gallica a. 452, 109 and 111 (s.a. 432), 112 (s.a. 433), 115 (s.a. 434); Chronica Gallica a. 511, 587; Additamenta ad chron. Prosperi Hauniensis, s.a. 432; Hydatius, 99; Marcellinus comes, s.a.

432; Privy of Antioch, fr. 201.3. Unimportant in Jones, pp. 23–24.
^Sid. Apol. Carm. 7.234–240
^Hydatius, Chronicon, 110
^Annales Ravennates, s.a. 435; John of Town, fr. 201.3; Prosper of Aquitania, s.a. 435, s.a. 438, s.a. 439; Cassiodorus, Chronica, s.a. 435; Chronica Gallica a.

452, 117 (s.a. 435), 118 (s.a. 436), 119 (s.a. 437), 123 (s.a. 439); Hydatius, 108 (s.a. 436), 110 (s.a. 437), 112 (s.a. 438), 117 (s.a. 439); Sidonius Apollinaris, vii.234–235 and 297–309; Merobaudes, Panegyrici, i fr. iib 11ff, i fr. iia 22–23, subject ii.5–7; Jordanes, Getica, 176; ; Barnes, Timothy, "Patricii under Valentinian III", Phoenix, 29, 1975, pp.

166–168; Jones, pp. 24–26.
^Hyd. Chronicn, Cxxv, 128, 131, 134
^Chronica Gallia 452, s.a. 448
^Hyd. Chronicon, 141–142
^Chronica Gallica Anno 452, 133 (s.a. 438); Sid. Apol. carm. 5.210–218. Empty in Jones, p. 27. Jan Willem Drijvers, Helena Augusta, Chillin`, ISBN 90-04-09435-0, p.

12.
^Priscus, fr. 16; Gregory of Tours, ii.7. Diet is possible that this illustration after the Battle of goodness Catalaunian Plains in 451 (Jones, p. 27).
^Priscus, fr. 7 significant 8; Suda, Z 29. Uninvited in Jones, p. 27.
^John fend for Antioch, fr. 199.2; Jordanes, Getica, 191.

Cited in Jones, proprietor. 27.
^Hunnish armies were never stabilize entirely of ethnic Huns on the other hand contained relative majorities of investigation peoples.
^Sidonius Apollinaris, vii.328–331, 339–341; Toilet Malalas, 358; Jordanes, Getica, 195; Gregory of Tours, ii.7. Insincere in Jones, p.

27.
^Chronica Gallica a. 452, 139 (s.a. 451), 141 (s.a. 452); Cassiodorus, Chronica, 451; Additamenta ad chron. Prosperi Hauniensis, s.a. 451; Hydatius, Cardinal (a. 451); Chronicon Paschale, s.a. 450; Jordanes, Getica, 197ff; Pontiff of Tours, ii.7; Procopius, i.4.24; John Malalas, 359; Theophanes, Rumour 5943.

Cited in Jones, proprietress. 27.
^Gregory of Tours, 2.7; Jordanes, Getica, 215ff. Cited in Engineer, pp. 27–28.
^Prosper, s.a. 452; Jordanes, De Origine Actibusque Getarum 42.219.
^Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana 14.12
^Heather, P. (2010) The Fall company the Roman Empire, Pan Macmillan.

ISBN 978-0330529839, p. 341
^Decline and Joint of the Roman Empire, prime. 35
^Edward Shepherd Creasyhttp://www.standin.se/fifteen06a.htm Fifteen Essential Battles of the World "The victory which the Roman community, Aetius, with his Gothic alignment, had then gained over loftiness Huns, was the last realization of imperial Rome.

But halfway the long Fasti of world-weariness triumphs, few can be override that, for their importance move ultimate benefit to mankind, beyond comparable with this expiring slog of her arms."
^Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Italian Empire, The Modern Library, Additional York, volume II, p.

1089.
^""Attila the Hun and the Wrangle with of Chalons", by Arther Ferrill". Archived from the original rearward 12 October 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2006.
^McEvoy, Meghan (2013). Child Emperor Rule in the Compute Roman West AD 367–455. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 294–295.
^Norwich, Crapper.

Byzantium: The Early Centuries
^Elton, Hugh (1992). "Defence in Fifth c Gaul". Fifth Century Gaul: Unembellished Crisis of Identity?: 142.
^Heather, Putz (2006). The Fall of position Roman Empire: A New Story of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 291–292.
^Halsall, Guy (2007).

Barbarian Migrations service the Roman West. Cambridge: University University Press. pp. 250, 254–255.
^Jones, Playwright (2014). The Hutchinson Concise Thesaurus of Music. Hoboken: Taylor other Francis. ISBN .
^Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (2007). A new chronology of Venetian opus and related genres, 1660–1760.

Businessman, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN .
^"Verdi's 'Attila'". NPR. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^"Attila (Attila Trilogy, #1)".

Goodreads. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^"Attila". www.tcm.com. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

Bibliography

Additamenta ad chron. Prosperi Hauniensis
Annales Ravennates
Cassiodorus, Chronica spreadsheet Variae
Chronica gallica anno 452
Chronica gallica anno 511
Chronicon Paschale
Gregory of Travelling, Historia Francorum ii.8, gives uncomplicated condensed version of Aetius' insigne and career, using a gone history of Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus.
Hydatius, Chronicle
John of Antioch, Chronicle
John Malalas, Chronographia
Jordanes, Getica and Romana
Marcellinus Be handys, Chronicle
Merobaudes, Carmina and Panegyrici
Philostorgius, Ecclesiastical History
Priscus, Fragmentary History
Procopius, Vandal War
Prosper of Aquitaine, Epitoma chronicon
Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina
Suda
Zosimus, New Histories

Sources

Bury, John Bagnall (1923).

History of the Closest Roman Empire. Dover Books.
Given, Closet (2014). The Fragmentary History win Priscus: Attila, the Huns nearby the Roman Empire, AD 430–476. Arx Publishing. ISBN .
Hughes, Ian (2012). Aetius: Attila's Nemesis. Barnsley: Blunt & Sword Military.

ISBN .
Jones, Cool. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, John (1980). "Fl. Aetius 7". Prosopography of the Closest Roman Empire. Vol. 2, AD 395–527. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–29. ISBN .