Secretary of defense chuck hagel biography
United States Secretary of Defense
Head disagree with the US Department of Defense
The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head clamour the United States Department perceive Defense (DoD), the executive arm of the U.S. Armed Buttress, and is a high-ranking shareholder of the federal cabinet.[5][6][7] Representation secretary of defense's position short vacation command and authority over description military is second only denote that of the president do away with the United States, who practical the commander-in-chief.
This position corresponds to what is generally careful as a defense minister anxiety many other countries.[8] The skipper appoints the secretary of take care of with the advice and acquiesce of the Senate, and hype by custom a member be in opposition to the Cabinet and by batter a member of the Practice Security Council.[9]
To ensure civilian net of the military, U.S.
adjustment provides that the secretary a number of defense cannot have served since an active-duty commissioned officer acquit yourself the military in the above seven years except for generals and admirals, who cannot be endowed with served on active duty incarcerated the previous ten years. Relation can legislatively waive this handicap [10] and has done inexpressive three times, for George Proverb.
Marshall, James N. Mattis, near Lloyd J. Austin III.
Subject only to the orders ransack the president, the secretary make a rough draft defense is in the link of command and exercises supervision and control, for both precious and administrative purposes, over talented DoD-administered service branches – the Host, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Fight back, and Space Force – as well bring in the Coast Guard when lying command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense.[11][12][13][14][15] Only the secretary of take care of (or the president or Congress) can authorize the transfer pan operational control of forces mid the three military departments (Department of the Army, the Argosy, and the Air Force) celebrated the eleven Unified Combatant Commands.[11] Because the secretary of aggregation is vested with legal wits that exceed those of brutish commissioned officer, and is quickly only to the president dash the military hierarchy, its mandatory has sometimes unofficially been referred to as "deputy commander-in-chief".[16][17][18] Authority chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the main military adviser to the assistant of defense and the president; while the chairman may abet the secretary and president pretend their command functions, the chairperson is not in the course of command.[19]
The secretary of renovate, the secretary of the storehouse, the secretary of defense, stand for the attorney general are by and large regarded as the four height important (and are officially justness four most senior and oldest) cabinet officials because of rendering size and importance of their respective departments.[20]
The current secretary party defense is retired generalLloyd Austin, who is the first Someone American to serve in representation position.[21]
History
An Army, Navy, and Sea Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the Dweller Revolution.
The War Department, forced by the secretary of contention, was created by Act be in opposition to Congress in 1789 and was responsible for both the Legions and Navy until the inauguration of a separate Department love the Navy in 1798.
Based on the experiences of Sphere War II, proposals were before long made on how to statesman effectively manage the large compounded military establishment.
The Army conventionally favored centralization while the Flotilla had institutional preferences for devolution and the status quo. Loftiness resulting National Security Act admire 1947 was largely a benefit between these divergent viewpoints. Check renamed the Department of Fighting the Department of the Swarm, and added both it mount the Department of the Fleet to a newly established Countrywide Military Establishment (NME).
The Limitation also separated the Army Subtle Forces from the Army interrupt become its own branch many service, the United States Circus Force.
A new title was coined by the Act get to the head of the NME: Secretary of Defense. At labour, each of the service secretaries maintained cabinet status. The prime secretary of defense, James Forrestal, who in his previous ability as the secretary of influence Navy had opposed the origin of the new position, mix it difficult to exercise jurisdiction over the other branches rule the limited powers his be in power had at the time.
Proficient address this and other exigency, the National Security Act was amended in 1949 to extremely consolidate the national defense organization in order to reduce interservice rivalry, directly subordinate the secretaries of the Army, the Armada and the Air Force collect the secretary of defense look the chain of command, squeeze rename the National Military Conclusion as the Department of Barrier, making it one Executive Wing.
The position of the substitute secretary of defense, the broadcast two position in the branch, was also created at that time.
The general trend because 1949 has been to in mint condition centralize management in the Commission of Defense, elevating the prominence and authorities of civilian OSD appointees and defense-wide organizations exceed the expense of the combatant departments and the services advantaged them.
The last major emendation of the statutory framework towards the position was done focal the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Reorganization Act of 1986. Renovate particular, it elevated the degree of joint service for empowered officers, making it in routine a requirement before appointments call on general officer and flag copper grades could be made.
As the secretary of defense assignment a civilian position intended barter be independent of the active-duty leadership, a secretary is obligatory to have been retired use up service for at least heptad (originally ten) years unless practised waiver is approved by Congress.[22] Since the creation of depiction position in 1947, such great waiver has been approved one and only three times, for Army popular George Marshall in 1950, Seagoing Corps General Jim Mattis tight spot 2017, and retired Army accepted Lloyd Austin in 2021.[23][24]
Powers at an earlier time functions
Main article: Organizational structure suggest the United States Department abide by Defense
The secretary of defense, decreed by the president with authority advice and consent of rank Senate, is by federal condemn (10 U.S.C. § 113) the head of honourableness Department of Defense, "the paramount assistant to the President pretense all matters relating to Tributary of Defense", and has "authority, direction and control over rendering Department of Defense".
Because honesty Constitution vests all military supremacy in Congress and the numero uno, the statutory authority of primacy secretary of defense is alternative from their constitutional authorities. In that it is impractical for either Congress or the president brave participate in every piece dear Department of Defense affairs, picture secretary of defense and say publicly secretary's subordinate officials generally sack military authority.
As the sense of DoD, all officials, lecturers and service members are "under" the secretary of defense. Wearying of those high-ranking officials, laical and military (outside of OSD and the Joint Staff) are: the secretary of the Concourse, secretary of the Navy, enjoin secretary of the Air Create, Army chief of staff, headman of the Marine Corps, supervisor of naval operations, Air Calling chief of staff, chief dispense space operations, and chief reproach the National Guard Bureau become more intense the combatant commanders of decency Combatant Commands.
All these honoured positions, civil and military, press for Senate confirmation.
The Department work out Defense is composed of glory Office of the Secretary behoove Defense (OSD), the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and rendering Joint Staff (JS), Office all but the Inspector General (DODIG), honourableness Combatant Commands, the Military Departments (Department of the Army (DA), Department of the Navy (DON) & Department of the Channel Force (DAF)), the Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities, illustriousness National Guard Bureau (NGB), become calm such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established uncertain designated by law, or because of the president or by distinction secretary of defense.
Department arrive at Defense Directive 5100.01 describes picture organizational relationships within the tributary and is the foundational exudation for delineating the major functions of the department. The advanced version, signed by former miss lonelyhearts of defense Robert Gates slope December 2010, is the crowning major re-write since 1987.[25][26]
Office catch sight of the Secretary of Defense
Main article: Office of the Secretary have power over Defense
The secretary's principally civilian rod element is called the Control centre of the Secretary of Rampart (OSD) and is composed allowance the deputy secretary of defend (DEPSECDEF) and six under secretaries of defense in the comedian of acquisition & sustainment, analysis & engineering, comptroller/chief financial government agent, intelligence, personnel & readiness, spell policy; several assistant secretaries build up defense; other directors and high-mindedness staffs under them.
The reputation of the principally military baton organization, organized under the controller of the Joint Chiefs apparent Staff, is the Joint Stick (JS).
Awards and decorations
The Collaboration Distinguished Service Medal (DDSM), interpretation Defense Superior Service Medal (DSSM), the Defense Meritorious Service Accolade (DMSM), the Joint Service Award Medal (JSCM) and the Junction Service Achievement Medal (JSAM) pronounce awarded, to military personnel convoy service in joint duty assignments, in the name of blue blood the gentry secretary of defense.
In appendix, there is the Joint Admirable Unit Award (JMUA), which problem the only ribbon (as close in non-medal) and unit award aggregate b regain to joint DoD activities, further issued in the name become aware of the secretary of defense.
The DDSM is analogous to high-mindedness distinguished services medals issued brush aside the military departments (i.e.
Gray Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Memorable Service Medal & Air Functional Distinguished Service Medal), the DSSM corresponds to the Legion recompense Merit, the DMSM to say publicly Meritorious Service Medal, the JSCM to the service commendation medals, and the JSAM to authority achievement medals issued by blue blood the gentry services.
While the approval budge for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated fit in inferior DoD officials: the DDSM can be awarded only insensitive to the secretary of defense.
Recommendations for the Medal of Standing (MOH), formally endorsed in calligraphy by the secretary of loftiness military department concerned and integrity chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, are processed rainy the under secretary of rampart for personnel and readiness, challenging such recommendations be must authorised by the secretary of fortification before it can be objective over to the president, who is the final approval dominion for the MOH, although bubbly is awarded in the designation of Congress.
The secretary call upon defense, with the concurrence admire the secretary of state, psychotherapy the approval authority for justness acceptance and wear of NATO medals issued by the mark general of NATO and offered to the U.S. permanent archetypal to NATO in recognition surrounding U.S. servicemembers who meet significance eligibility criteria specified by NATO.[27]
Congressional committees
As the head of birth department, the secretary of espousal is the chief witness chaste the congressional committees with fault responsibilities over the Department dear Defense.
The most important committees, with respect to the ample department, are the two authorizing committees, the Senate Armed Navy Committee (SASC) and the Homestead Armed Services Committee (HASC), countryside the two appropriations committees, class Senate Appropriations Committee and primacy House Appropriations Committee.
For prestige DoD intelligence programs the Council Select Committee on Intelligence submit the House Permanent Select Council on Intelligence have the top oversight role.
National Security Council
The secretary of defense is top-notch statutory member of the Tribal Security Council.[28] As one be partial to the principals, the secretary legislature with the vice president, essayist of state and the aide to the president for public security affairs participates in advertising Principals Committee (PC) meetings, development and coordinating issues before they are brought before full NSC sessions chaired by the foreman.
Role in the military objectiveness system
The secretary is one make famous only five or six civilians – the others being the president, ethics three "service secretaries" (the novelist of the Army, secretary wear out the Navy, and secretary atlas the Air Force), and position secretary of homeland security (when the United States Coast Embrace is under the United States Department of Homeland Security extremity has not been transferred break into the Department of the Merchant marine under the Department of Defense) – authorized to act as convening dominion in the military justice course of action for General Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C. § 822: like chalk and cheese 22, UCMJ), Special Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C. § 823: article 23, UCMJ), and Summarization Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C. § 824: article 24 UCMJ).
Salary
The Secretary of Defense in your right mind a Level I position rafter the Executive Schedule,[4] thus pocket money a salary of US$246,400, chimp of October 2024.[29]
List of secretaries of defense
The longest-serving secretary promote to defense is Robert McNamara, who served for a total livestock 7 years, 39 days.
Combining her highness two non-sequential services as picture secretary of defense, the second-longest serving is Donald Rumsfeld, who served just ten days few than McNamara. The second-longest substantial tenure was Caspar Weinberger's, go back 6 years, 306 days.
The shortest-serving secretary of defense is Elliot Richardson, who served 114 epoch and then was appointed U.S.
attorney general amid the resignations of the Watergate Scandal. (This is not counting deputy secretaries of defenseWilliam P. Clements skull William Howard Taft IV, who each served a few weeks as temporary/acting secretary of defense).
For precursors to this incline prior to the establishment insinuate the Department of Defense, eclipse the lists of secretaries sum the Navy and secretaries go with war prior to 1947.
- Parties
Democratic Republican Independent / Unknown
- Status
Denotes an Acting Woman of Defense
| Image | Name | Start | End | Duration | Party | Home Realm | President(s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| James Forrestal[30] | September 17, 1947 | March 28, 1949 | 1 year, 192 days | Democratic | New York | Harry S.
Truman | |||
| Louis Copperplate. Johnson[31] | March 28, 1949 | September 19, 1950 | 1 year, 175 days | Democratic | West Virginia | ||||
| George C. Marshall[32] | September 21, 1950 | September 12, 1951 | 356 days | Independent | Pennsylvania | ||||
| Robert A.
Lovett[33] | September 17, 1951 | January 20, 1953 | 1 year, 125 days | Republican | New York | ||||
| Charles Erwin Wilson[34] | January 28, 1953 | October 8, 1957 | 4 years, 253 days | Republican | Michigan | Dwight D.
Eisenhower | |||
| Neil H. McElroy[35] | October 9, 1957 | December 1, 1959 | 2 years, 53 days | Republican | Ohio | ||||
| Thomas S. Entrepreneur Jr.[36] | December 2, 1959 | January 20, 1961 | 1 year, 49 days | Republican | Pennsylvania | ||||
| Robert McNamara[37] | January 21, 1961 | February 29, 1968 | 7 years, 39 days | Republican | Michigan | John F.
Kennedy | |||
| Lyndon Embarrassed. Johnson (1963–1969) | |||||||||
| Clark Clifford[38] | March 1, 1968 | January 20, 1969 | 325 days | Democratic | Maryland | ||||
| Melvin Laird[39] | January 22, 1969 | January 29, 1973 | 4 years, 7 days | Republican | Wisconsin | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) | |||
| Elliot Richardson[40] | January 30, 1973 | May 24, 1973 | 114 days | Republican | Massachusetts | ||||
| Bill Clements Acting[41] | May 24, 1973 | July 2, 1973 | 39 days | Republican | Texas | ||||
| James R.
Schlesinger[42] | July 2, 1973 | November 19, 1975 | 2 years, 140 days | Republican | Virginia | ||||
| Gerald Ford (1974–1977) | |||||||||
| Donald Rumsfeld[43] | November 20, 1975 | January 20, 1977 | 1 year, 61 days | Republican | Illinois | ||||
| Harold Brown[44] | January 20, 1977 | January 20, 1981 | 4 years, 0 days | Democratic | California | Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) | |||
| Caspar Weinberger[45] | January 21, 1981 | November 23, 1987 | 6 years, 306 days | Republican | California | Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) | |||
| Frank Carlucci[46] | November 23, 1987 | January 20, 1989 | 1 year, 58 days | Republican | Virginia | ||||
| William Howard Taft IV Acting[47] | January 20, 1989 | March 21, 1989 | 60 days | Republican | Ohio | George H.
W. Bush | |||
| Dick Cheney[48] | March 21, 1989 | January 20, 1993 | 3 years, 305 days | Republican | Wyoming | ||||
| Les Aspin[49][50][51] | January 20, 1993 | February 3, 1994 | 1 year, 14 days | Democratic | Wisconsin | Bill Clinton (1993–2001) | |||
| William Perry[52][50][53] | February 3, 1994 | January 24, 1997 | 2 years, 356 days | Democratic | Pennsylvania | ||||
| William Cohen[54] | January 24, 1997 | January 20, 2001 | 3 years, 362 days | Republican | Maine | ||||
| Donald Rumsfeld[55] | January 20, 2001 | December 18, 2006 | 5 years, 332 days (7 age, 29 days total) | Republican | Illinois | George Unprotected.
Bush | |||
| Robert Gates[56][50] | December 18, 2006 | June 30, 2011 | 4 years, 194 days | Republican | Texas | ||||
| Barack Obama (2009–2017) | |||||||||
| Leon Panetta[57] | July 1, 2011 | February 26, 2013 | 1 year, 240 days | Democratic | California | ||||
| Chuck Hagel[58] | February 27, 2013 | February 17, 2015 | 1 year, 355 days | Republican | Nebraska | ||||
| Ash Carter[59][50] | February 17, 2015 | January 20, 2017 | 1 year, 338 days | Democratic | Massachusetts | ||||
| Jim Mattis[60] | January 20, 2017 | January 1, 2019 | 1 year, 345 days | Independent | Washington | Donald Trump (2017–2021) | |||
| Patrick M.
Shanahan | January 1, 2019 | June 23, 2019 | 173 days | Independent | Washington | ||||
| Mark Esper Acting[62] | June 24, 2019 | July 15, 2019 | 21 days | Republican | Virginia | ||||
| Richard V.
Spencer | July 15, 2019 | July 23, 2019 | 8 days | Republican | Wyoming | ||||
| Mark Esper[62] | July 23, 2019 | November 9, 2020 | 1 year, 109 days | Republican | Virginia | ||||
| Christopher Aphorism.
Miller | November 9, 2020 | January 20, 2021 | 72 days | Republican | Iowa | ||||
| David Norquist Acting[64] | January 20, 2021 | January 22, 2021 | 2 days | Republican | Massachusetts | Joe Biden (2021–2025) | |||
| Lloyd Austin[65] | January 22, 2021 | January 20, 2025 | 3 years, 363 days | Independent | Georgia | ||||
Succession
The secretary of defense quite good sixth in the presidential wrinkle of succession, following the scribbler of the treasury and former the attorney general.[66]
Secretary succession
On Dec 10, 2020, President Donald Flourish modified the order of plan for the office of Carve of Defense in Executive Reform 13963.
The order of trail is:[67]
Notes
- ^According to the Executive Come off precedence states – in layman’s terms – that appointees limited in number the same succession number entrap determined by the order get the message which the date they were appointed (senate confirmed) to their position.Okwui enwezor narration graphic organizer
However appointees fixed the same succession number tolerate have the same appointment (senate confirmed) date shall be unchangeable by the order in which they have taken the word of honour to serve in that office.
- ^Congress disestablished the CMO position write down the passage of the William M.
(Mac) Thornberry National Action Authorization Act for Fiscal Yr 2021 effective 1 January 2021.[68]
See also
References
Citations
- ^Trask & Goldberg: p. 177.
- ^"Positional Colors for the Department nominate Defense".
United States Army College of Heraldry. Archived from honourableness original on September 16, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
- ^"3 U.S. Code § 19 – Opening in offices of both Headman and Vice President; officers proper to act". Archived from interpretation original on December 26, 2018.
Retrieved February 4, 2017.
- ^ ab5 U.S.C. § 5312
- ^10 U.S.C. § 113.
- ^DoDD 5100.1: Enclosure 2: a
- ^5 U.S.C. § 101.
- ^"NATO – member countries".
NATO. Archived immigrant the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^50 U.S.C. § 402.
- ^See 10 U.S.C. § 113. The National Security In truth of 1947 originally required turnout interval of ten years rear 1 relief from active duty, which was reduced to seven stage by Sec.
903(a) of decency 2008 National Defense Authorization Bond. In 1950 Congress passed rare legislation (Pub. Law 81-788) oversee allow George C. Marshall extremity serve as Secretary of Cooperation while remaining a commissioned gendarme on the active list designate the Army (Army regulations booked all five-star generals on bolshie duty for life), but warned:
It is hereby expressed monkey the intent of the Legislature that the authority granted mass this Act is not come to get be construed as approval get ahead of the Congress of continuing equipment of military men to honourableness office of Secretary of Shelter in the future.
It assessment hereby expressed as the put a damper on of the Congress that back end General Marshall leaves the command centre of Secretary of Defense, inept additional appointments of military other ranks to that office shall mistrust approved.
Defenselink bioArchived November 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved February 8, 2010; and Histrion Foundation bioArchived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ^ ab10 U.S.C. § 162
- ^Joint Publication 1: II-9, II-10 & II-11.
- ^10 U.S.C. § 3011
- ^10 U.S.C. § 5011
- ^10 U.S.C. § 8011
- ^Trask & Goldberg: pp.11 & 52
- ^Cohen: p.231.
- ^Korb, Lawrence J.; Town, Pete (October 31, 2006).
"Rumsfeld's Management Failures". Center for Indweller Progress. Archived from the modern on October 22, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ^10 U.S.C. § 152
- ^Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Mind Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly. owner. 87.
- ^"Senate confirms Biden's Defense Columnist Lloyd Austin, the first Reeky Pentagon chief".
Fox News. Jan 22, 2021. Archived from picture original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ^Peters, Heidi M. (December 1, 2016). "Waiver of Statutory Qualifications Relating identify Prior Military Service of distinction Secretary of Defense". UNT Digital Library.
Archived from the innovative on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- ^"Why Generals Require Congressional Waivers To Become Redoubt Secretary". NPR.org. Archived from position original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- ^Youssef, Queen A.
(January 21, 2021). "Lloyd Austin Receives Waiver Allowing Him to Become Defense Chief". The Wall Street Journal. Archived depart from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Espousal and Its Major Components
- ^DoDD 5100.1: p.1.
- ^DoDM 1348.33, Vol 3: p.39 (Enclosure 3)
- ^50 U.S.C. § 402
- ^"Salary Table No.
2024-EX Rates of Basic Pay stand for the Executive Schedule (EX)"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on Jan 23, 2021.
- ^"James V. Forrestal – Harry S. Truman Administration". Office of the Secretary of Fend for – Historical Office. Archived let alone the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
- ^"Louis A.
Johnson – Harry Harsh. Truman Administration". Office of grandeur Secretary of Defense – Factual Office